Job opportunities in Patents

This is the first of a series on jobs related to Patents in India.

Government Sector:
In India, The Patent Office employs Science and Engineering graduates as Examiners of Patents & Designs who are required to do a thorough patent search to determine whether a patent application fulfills the requirements of novelty,inventive step and industrial applicability and also other conditions laid down by the Indian Patent Act. Salaries offered are the best in the Government sector. But recruitment is rare and a long drawn process.The rate of attrition is also high since candidates with such experience are highly sought after in the private sector with lucrative compensation. Lack of avenues for promotion also contributes to higher levels of attrition. At present candidates with qualification in Biotechnology,Microbiology, Biochemistry,Chemistry and almost all branches of Engineering are selected as Examiners of Patents & Designs after a rigorous selection procedure.

Private Sector:
The counterparts of Examiners are called Patent agents.These people are required to interact with the Patent Office and set right whatever deficiencies exist in a patent application. This highly exacting job requires very high levels of competence in English,and knowledge of a foreign language would be advantageous. A patent agent with a law degree is called a Patent Attorney. Having a law degree would be helpful in prosecuting cases in a Court of Law. To become a patent agent in India, a person has to be registered with the Indian Patent Office. A qualifying examination is conducted twice every year in all four Patent offices( Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata & Chennai). An Indian citizen above 21 years if age with a degree in Science/Engineering is eligible to appear for the examination. A formal qualification in IPR is not essential although helpful. Thorough understanding of the Indian Patent Act and a strong technical background and indispensable for a patent agent. Skills in drafting patents and getting into the core of the invention are absolutely essential. This can come only with experience and like wine, a patent agent can only get better with age. Salaries are the best and are comparable to those in the IT sector and gets even better for experienced candidates. Many top-notch companies are now setting up their own IPR departments increasing opportunities for experienced candidates. Like all jobs in the corporate jungle, a patent agent should be able to tolerate high levels of stress and meet deadlines which in many cases turn into a do or die situation for them.
Another emerging field related to patents is the KPO (Knowledge Process Outsourcing) industry. Some well known companies in this field are Evalueserve, Intellevate,Patent Metrix, IPPRO,GVK bio (Hyderabad) etc.
There are also many online jobs where foreign patent applications are routed to India to be drafted and prosecuted. Few websites like guru.com offer patent related jobs where one can work from home.

I came across an interesting article bringing out the truth regarding the availability of biotech related jobs in India.
Biotech boom -- but where are the jobs? Rashmi Bansal

Everyone wants to enter a field which is 'hot'. One such field is biotech. You would have read innumerable articles on the scope of bitechnology. The jobs opening up in the sector. And, of course, the poster pin-up company, Biocon.

As a report in The Hindu notes: Career counsellors and those engaged in educational guidance... are flooded with inquiries about biotechnology courses and their scope. Biotechnology today looks like what information technology was in the 1990s.

But are prospects really that bright? Today, an engineer from an average college can easily land an IT job. What about the biotech graduate?

First of all, there is this huge debate over whether biotech should be offered at all the undergrad level. M Radhakrishna Pillai, director of Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, told The Hindu: 'Biotechnology cannot exist at the BSc level, where one should learn the basic science. BSc Biotechnology courses have created a confused lot in Kerala, defeating the very purpose of the subject.'

The same holds true of other states. A number of colleges and universities, especially the private and deemed variety, are offering 'BSc Biotech'. Students who were trying for a medical course but failed to get through would rather opt for a biotech course than a regular BSc. At least kisi ko kehne mein tho better lagta hai.

For the colleges also, it's a happy thing. Fees for an undergraduate biotech course are far higher than a BSc. One assumes this is because the college will provide better facilities, more qualified teachers, etc. Sadly, this is generally not the case. In most cases, biotech students actually use the same labs as the students doing microbiology/ life science!

What about PG?

At the post graduate level, the Jawaharlal Nehru University, Delhi, is the most reputed college and the toughest to get into. The combined entrance exam held by JNU can also get you into 32 other colleges offering biotech at MSc/ MTech level. Benaras Hindu University, Goa University, Anna University (Chennai) and Pune University are some of the next best choices.

Now, this is the case in every profession. Everyone can't get into the best college. However, in biotech, there are certain unique problems.

JNU has a tie-up with DBT (department of biotechnology) which makes it easy for their students to work on live projects during the course of their MSc. Others do not have it so easy. When it comes to industrial training, you may actually have to pay for it.

For example, students of PTU (Punjab Technical University), Indore, who went to IIT Delhi last year for two months training, paid Rs 15,000 (boarding and lodging extra). This money goes towards facilities (eg, kits, labs, equipment, etc) and the students get to work on a live experiment.

There is the option of doing a project with a company also -- some give you a stipend while others don't pay but don't charge you either. However, it is believed that having an IIT Delhi project on your resume will help when you go out for a job, so students don't mind paying. For IIT, this is a way to get some additional funding for projects.

A win-win for both but still, it's a little strange...

And what about the job?

Okay, so now you graduate and start looking for a job. If there is such a 'boom' happening, it must be pretty easy, right?

Unfortunately, that's not the case.

Shweta Agrawal, an MSc Biotech, has been looking out for a job for last six months. "I have given 15-20 interviews. The problem is there are very few real 'biotech' jobs," she says. The company may be 'biotech', but the job expected of an MSc is database management -- not experimental.

Rajat Gurutaj, a final year student at BIT Bangalore, adds, "My sister is an MSc Biotech and she did not have a job after graduation for six months. Finally, she went to the UK. According to her, there are absolutely no jobs here in India. My friend is doing BE Biotech from a reputed college in Bangalore -- their course is not much different from BE Chemical and, again, no jobs. He is joining an IT firm after graduation".

Students say it's very hard for a fresher to get a job in QC (quality control) or R & D because most companies have small teams and there isn't much job hopping. What's more, pharmacy graduates are preferred because they can do formulation as well as QC.

A quick look at various job sites would tell you that openings for fresh MSc Biotech are few and far between. BSc Biotech ki to baat hi chhodiye. Actually from the job point of view, even MSc Chemistry may be better for you!

An exception to all the above would be the handful who complete a BTech from IIT (KGP, Delhi, Madras and Bombay) or a Masters in biology from IISc.

"If I don't get a job of my choice soon I will start preparing for MBA," says Shweta. "The fact is, by now, an MBA from even the most unknown university would have got a job for Rs 10,000-15,000 pm," she sighs.

The alternate option of course is to do a Phd -- either in India or abroad. However, even after a PhD, prospects in India remain limited. You would most likely join a government laboratory (that's where much of the challenging work is being done). At age 28, armed with a Phd, you would earn Rs 8,000-10,000 as starting salary.

So if you are planning to do biotech, keep all this in mind before making your decision. Don't be lured by the idea of a boom and the fact that it sounds cool.

Take up biotech only if you have a deep love for the subject and wish to get into research. In order to do this, however, you must be open to doing a PhD.

Otherwise, MBA aapke liye theek rahega. And oh, there is an MBA (biotech) being offered as well...

One last bit of advice. Don't fall for it, go for a more general degree!

http://www.rediff.com/getahead/2007/may/17rashmi.htm

PATIENT WAIT FOR PATENT

American bio-pharmaceutical major Gilead, which has entered into generic licensing deals with 10 Indian companies to distribute its HIV drug Viread, is hoping to get a patent in India soon.
“We have made considerable progress in implementing our access programme and licensed Indian pharmas to manufacture Viread which originally announced a pricing of $1 a day for the pill,” Gregg Alton, senior vice president and general counsel of Gilead Sciences said.
“After much discussion, Gilead now believes that a larger number of manufacturers will intensify competition and drive down prices even further,” said Alton whose team was in Delhi last week.
Now, Gilead’s application for a patent is pending before the Indian Patent office as it believes that it has a right to protect its intellectual property.
Indian pharma major Cipla has filed a pre-grant opposition against the patent application for Viread before the patents office.
But Alton said: “We believe that protecting the intellectual property of companies who engage in drug research and development is a critical part of the treatment access equation. Intellectual property protection, when used responsibly, encourages research and discovery of newer and more effective molecules.
“Gilead respects Cipla’s right to oppose the issuance of a patent for Viread or any drug. But more importantly, we reaffirm our desire to work with Cipla whether or not a patent is issued,” said Alton.
Gilead has signed generic licensing deals with 10 Indian companies to distribute Viread in India and 94 other resource-limited countries.
More than 5.1mn people are believed to be infected with HIV in India, the second highest incidence of the disease after South Africa.
According to Alton, Viread (tenofovir disoproxil fumarate) is on its way to becoming the frontrunner drug across Europe for HIV/Aids due to its low toxicity and resistance levels observed in patients.
The tablet-a-day dosage of the drug also helps in better regimen and compliance among the HIV/Aids patients taking it.
Alton also pointed out that he expected generic versions of Gilead’s anti-retrovirals to be available from several of its partners within the next few months.
Asked whether the drug would become unaffordable if Gilead was granted a patent for Viread in India, Alton allayed fears voiced by critics and non-governmental organisations.
“The company plans to use this patent responsibly and has made its intention clear in the act of issuing non-exclusive voluntary licenses to Indian companies,” he said.

A remarkable model for benefit sharing.

The benefit-sharing model is the result of 15 years of effort made by the Kani tribe, scientists in Kerala, and the state government.
The story begins with a wild plant called arogyapacha (scientific name: Trichopus zeylanicus). For many years, when allopathic medicines failed to cure critical liver diseases, the local population in and around Thiruvananthapuram used to get cured with a concoction called malamarunnu (literally, medicine of the mountain) that the Kani elders prepared out of arogyapacha.
"Even though people used to come to our mountains for our malamarunnu, we continued to live in penury as we never charged any money for the treatment. We even treated dozens of patients who could not get their various diseases cured in various medical college hospitals across Kerala," reveals Kuttumathan Kani, a leader of the tribe.
The penurious plight of the Kanis, numbering about 16,000, continued till a team of scientists working on the All-India Coordinated Research Project on Ethnobiology, led by Dr P Pushpangadan, went trekking through the tropical forest hills way back in December 1987.

Says Dr Pushpangadan, "We went were to survey the Kani tribal settlements, but we got exhausted after a long walk. When they saw us tired, some of the Kani tribesmen, who were our guides, offered us fruits of a plant. We ate them and found that we could go on trekking for hours without fatigue." It was the beginning of a remarkable discovery. The tribals said they got the fruits from a magical plant, which the scientists identified as arogyapacha.

Dr Pushpangadan, who then headed the Thiruvananthapuram-based Tropical Botanic Gardens and Research Institute, immediately realised the potential of arogyapacha. "The tribal knowledge of forest plants holds the key to several new discoveries and wonder drugs," he points out. The scientist lost no time in convincing the Kerala government about the importance of joining hands with the tribals.

Soon a team headed by Dr Pushpangadan conducted detailed chemical and pharmacological investigations on arogyapacha. The investigations showed that the leaf of the plant contained various glycolipids and some other non-steroidal compounds with profound adaptogenic and immunity-enhancing properties. Pushpangadan's research institute successfully developed a scientifically validated and standardized herbal drug based on the traditional knowledge of the Kanis.

In 1995, the Tropical Botanic Gardens and Research Institute sold the herbal drug formula to the Arya Vaidya Pharmacy in Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, for a licence fee of Rs 1 million to produce the drug for seven years. While transferring the technology for production of the drug to the pharmaceutical firm, TBGRI agreed to share the licence fee and royalty with the tribal community. The licence fee and the 2 per cent royalty on profits from the formulation were to be shared equally by the TBGRI and the Kani tribe.

The herbal medicine that the pharmacy produced clicked in the market as the demand for the arogyapacha-based formulation called Jeevani zoomed. Today the medicine is sold at the rate of Rs 160 for a jar of 75 grams. Officials at the Arya Vaidya Pharmacy reveal that the bulk of their exports to southeast Asian and Western countries consist of Jeevani.

Kani says the prime concern of their community members in the beginning was to evolve a viable mechanism for receiving such funds. "So we formed a registered trust called the Kerala Kani Welfare Trust with the help of the Kerala government and voluntary groups."

Every year, the amount due to the Kani tribals from Jeevani trade is transferred to the trust and the money is used for welfare activities of the Kanis. In between, TBGRI also trained dozens of tribal families to cultivate the plant around their dwellings in the forest. In the first year itself, each family earned about Rs 8,000 per mensem on the sale of leaves from cultivation of arogyapacha.

Sufficiently impressed, the United Nations shortlisted the Kani tribal venture two years ago as a global model for a benefit-sharing experiment. The UN noted that this was the first time a local community was being compensated for imparting the secrets of a rare medicinal plant, which had led to the development of a successful herbal drug.

"It is a remarkable venture in material transfer and benefit sharing from tribals. I do not think a similar project has happened elsewhere in the world," Dr Pushapangadan says.

Jeevani continues to be an effective herbal drug for many common illnesses. It is a general tonic for all kinds of exhaustion, fatigue, feeling of weakness, and mentally stressful situations. The tonic increases fresh energy and vigour in a system worn out because of any constitutional disease or from overexertion.

Hailing the successful experiment, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Director General Raghunath A Mashelkar recently wrote, "India has pioneered one of the first models of benefit sharing."

Yoga, ayurveda being documented to stop patent misuse

Bitten by patent rows over basmati and turmeric, India doesn't want to be caught off guard again by the West, certainly not when it comes to its ancient healing systems of yoga, ayurveda, unani and siddha.

A task force appointed by the government for protecting traditional knowledge and intellectual property is fast completing the documentation of yoga postures and techniques as well as formulae in ayurveda, siddha and unani - all Indian traditional medicinal systems.

The aim is to stop foreign practitioners and individuals, including Indian expatriates, from claiming copyrights.

"Most of the misuse has been done by people of Indian origin living outside India and multinational companies. By the documentation, we hope we would be able to control it largely," V.K. Gupta, head of the task force, told IANS.

"We have identified 1,500 yoga postures and thousands of formulae in Indian medicinal systems from ancient books to document and make it available for the office that grants patents and copyrights to trademark it as our public property."

He said the documentation process - including texts, voice and visuals - would be completed by March 2007.

"Most of the documentation is done," Gupta said, adding that around 100 experts had been working on it for the last three years.

"We have referred to 54 ancient books to research on ayurveda, 35 for unani and 15 for siddha and have documented 50,000 formulae in ayurveda and 24,000 in unani," Gupta said.

He said the task force has created a database of 10 million pages.

Under a Rs. 100-million project, the health and family welfare ministry would be preserving all possible details of yoga postures in a multi-media digital library - Traditional Knowledge Digital Library (TKDL).

The data will be made available in five international languages, and 11 countries, including the US, Britain, Japan and China, would be able to access it.

The task force has found that at least 150 yoga postures that were developed and practised in India for ages - the system finds mention in Vedic scriptures - have been pirated in the US, Europe and in Japan.

It says yoga is a $30 billion industry in the West.

The task force says the US Patents Office has so far issued 134 patents on yoga accessories, 150 yoga-related copyrights and 2,315 yoga trademarks while Britain has approved at least 10 trademarks relating to yoga training aids.

Bikram Chowdhury, a Los Angelus-based multi-millionaire yoga guru, has popularised "hot yoga" - he reportedly developed 26 postures and two breathing exercises performed in a certain sequence in 105 degree heat - and claimed copyrights over it.

Chowdhury even sent legal notices to studios that practised this form of yoga, but later sought a secret agreement with them before the case went for trial in San Francisco.

In the past decade, a number of "specialists" have also mushroomed in ayurveda, siddha and unani systems who have made a fortune out of it.

Little wonder then that the Indian government's move has pleased many.

"This is a very good move. We should protect the heritage our saints have developed and preserved for the good of human kind," said Nivedita Joshi, daughter of former cabinet minister Murli Manohar Joshi and a yoga instructor.

Joshi, who was all praise for the decision, said: "It could have been done only by the government. No individual could have done it as it's a heavily expensive thing."

"No Indian would appreciate anybody patenting yoga postures as their own. Why should we let one particular person make money of some thing, which has been ours from time immemorial?" Joshi told IANS.

K.M. Gopakumar, a lawyer who is researching patent laws, said: "Once documented and published, it will be in the public domain. The so-called lifestyle gurus cannot claim copyright and allege infringement by others who practise it," said

"The documentation is a mechanism of protecting it from misappropriation also."

India learnt its lessons from past controversies - when a US company was granted a patent on the wound-healing properties of turmeric. Another US firm was granted a basmati patent. India challenged both successfully.

Make money online using John Chow dot Com

Came across an interesting blog when I clicked on the link accidentally. Here's the link: http://www.johnchow.com/make-money-online-review-my-blog/
John Chow dot Com is a blog that helps you make money online. He is offering to link to your blog if you review his blog. I havent gone through the entire website yet, but the author appears to be a really clever person with a wizard like understanding of the way the internet works.

The Pharma Industry’s Dilemma

The Global Pharmaceutical Industry is at the Cross Roads due to Low Productivity And High And Unaffordable Costs of R&D with few products in the pipeline and expiry of Patent protection for many Blockbusters.

Needs new approaches to New Drug Discovery necessitated by :

- High Costs Of Research & Development

- Low Success Rates

- Rapid Obsolescence Of Drugs

- Evolution Of Drug Resistance

- Emergence Of New Diseases

- Poor Understanding Of Disease Processes

There are Three Approaches possible:

1.Growth of the companies to reach critical Mass to afford the currently unaffordable R&D.

2. Find Innovative ways to make R&D more productive.

3. Net work And Collaborate with others to synergise efforts and optimise outputs.

Since vertical growth has limitations, the Strategy has been to merge with and acquire other companies

Ciba-Geigy-Sandoz (Novartis)

Marion-Merrill-Dow-Hoechst Roussel-Rhone Poulenc-

Rorer (Aventis)

Aventis-Sanofi

Richardson-Merrell-Proctor & Gamble

Kabi-Pharmacia-Upjohn

Bristol-Myers-Squibb

AHP-American Cynamide

Astra-Zeneca

Bayer-Sterling

Glaxo-Burroughs Wellcome- SKB

BASF-Knoll-Boots

Roche-Syntex

Pfizer - AHP-Pharmacia-Upjohn

Strategic Alliances Between Big Pharma & Little Biotech

Wyeth signed licensing agreement with Exelixis for drugs for metabolic disorders.

GSK works closely with Exelixis for pipeline cancer drug candidates.

Roche signed agreement with Maxygen to develop

r Factor VII a for intracerebral haemorrhage & trauma.

TERMS Of THE DEALS

Upfront Payments of $ 10 to $ 30 mio , milestone payments and royalties which could be as high as $ 100 mio to $ 500 mio. depending on successful developmental outcomes & blockbuster sales.

Einstein-Patent Examiner

Albert Einstein was born in 1879, and at 21, graduated in mathematics and physics from the Swiss Polytechnic Institute in Zurich. From age 23 to 30, Einstein worked as an examiner at the Swiss Patent Office in Bern. The primary job of Einstein, and of all patent examiners, is to understand and deal with definitions of inventions and discoveries. Once defined, an invention can be evaluated as to whether it is new or appropriate for patenting. Einstein honed his analytical skills in dealing with numerous invention definitions proposed by the patent applicants with whom he was dealing.

At the age of 26, while still employed as a patent examiner, Einstein made three of his greatest contributions to scientific knowledge. The year 1905 was an epoch-making one in the history of physical science, because Einstein contributed three papers to Annalen der Physik (Annals of Physics), a German scientific periodical. Each of them became the basis of a new branch of physics. In one of the papers, Einstein suggested that light could be thought of as a stream of tiny particles, in addition to being thought of as waves. This helped explain the photoelectric effect where light caused release of electrons from materials. In a second paper, titled "The Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies," Einstein presented the special theory of relativity, which allowed for time to be different for different observers. The third major paper concerned Brownian motion, an irregular motion of microscopic particles suspended in a liquid or gas. It confirmed the atomic theory of matter. It was not until Einstein was 30 years old that he held any academic position.

PATENT TROLL

Patent troll is a derogatory term used to describe a patent owner, frequently a small company that enforces patent rights against accused infringers, but does not manufacture products or supply services based on the patents in question. A patent troll may represent an entity who performs research or manufactures products incorporating the patented technology, though the troll itself does not.Patent trolls focus their business on the enforcement of intellectual property rights.

The key point of contention against patent trolls is not their non-practising status, nor that their assertions are necessarily invalid, but rather that "they are in a position to negotiate licensing fees that are grossly out of alignment with their contribution to the alleged infringer’s product or service". Indeed, the core controversy is over equitable issues rather than legal issues. In particular, some believe that patent trolls have an unfair advantage over manufacturers since they are relatively immune to the burdensome litigation tactics which are a traditional front line of defense by large entities against small entities. Others warn that tying the nature of a property owner to the nature of property rights poses a fundamental threat to equal protection under the law, notably in the US, under Article 1, Section 8 of the Constitution.
Some allege that use of the expression "patent troll" is primarily a public relations tactic that large corporations use to intimidate individual inventors in an effort to tilt the playing field in their favor. In this context, it is sometimes noted that the same large corporations that criticise patent trolls collect significant revenues enforcing their own patents against smaller or emerging competitors, including patents relating to technologies that they themselves do not implement in the marketplace.

Technology transfer offices and companies set up to administer patents of a group are usually not considered to be patent trolls .

FIRST INDIAN PATENT APPLICATION

Early bird: George Alfred DePenning made the first application for a patent in India

Safeguards in Patent System

SAFEGUARDS AGAINST ABUSE.

The Indian Patent Office has a robust system of safeguards against abuse of patent rights in India.

All patent applications are maintained in the strictest confidence until they are published.

Pre-grant representation:

Any person may oppose the grant of patent after the publication of application for patent but before the grant of patent.

Post-grant opposition:

Any person interested may oppose the grant of patent at any time after the grant of patent but before the expiry of one year from the date of publication of grant of patent.

Working of patents:

Patents are granted for the purpose of exploitation, which will enhance industrial development and therefore should be worked to their fullest extent within the territory of India. The owner of patent should furnish the details of working of the invention every six months and whenever required by the Patent Office.

A patent can be revoked for non-working.

Compulsory licensing:

Under Indian Law, any person interested may make an application for grant of Compulsory licence after 3 years from the date of the grant of the patent. A compulsory license can only be granted:
a. if the reasonable requirements of the public have not been satisfied;
b. if the patented invention is not available to the public at a reasonable price;
c. if the patented invention is not worked in the territory of India.

In the case of a national emergency or extreme urgency for the purpose of preventing major diseases like AIDS, Tuberculosis, malaria or other epidemics, the Controller can permit compulsory licensing irrespective of the above three conditions.

Use of inventions by the Government.

Anytime after the filing or grant of patent, the Government or any person
authorized by it can use the patented invention in public interest.

If necessary, the Central Government can acquire an invention from the applicant or patentee for a public purpose, by publishing a notification to that effect in the Official Gazette.

Revocation of patents related to Atomic energy.

If the Central Government is convinced that a patent falls under Section 20 of the Atomic Energy Act, under which patents cannot be granted for certain inventions, the patent may be amended or revoked as the case may be.

Revocation of patent in public interest.

If a patent or the method in which it is used is deemed by the Central Government to be mischievous to the State or generally against public interest, such a patent may be revoked.

ACKNOWLDEGEMENT

The images of IP day celebrations on the left have been sourced from the following website: http://www.wipo.int/about-ip/en/world_ip/2007/posters.html

MYTHS ABOUT PATENTS

1. An Indian patent can be enforced worldwide

Patent rights are territorial. An Indian patent is valid only in India.

2. Patent right is an absolute right.

The courts can invalidate patents on certain grounds.

3. Once patent is granted, government stops others from copying or imitating my invention.

Enforcing patent rights is the responsibility of the patentee.

4. Patenting is a costly process.

The total cost for obtaining a patent by an individual can be as low as 3500/-

5. Patents are only for complex inventions

Patents can be for simple inventions. There are patents on even gem clips.

7. Patents are the big companies ball game.

Large number of patents is obtained by individual inventors and applicants every year.

6. PCT grants world patent.

PCT is not a granting authority. It’s a mere patent application facilitation system.

9. The patent is granted to the first inventor.

You may be the first to invent, but it’s the first to file that gets the patent.

10. A patent attorney should prepare and file my patent application.

Applicants can themselves prepare, prosecute and get the patent granted.

12.Patents result in restrictive trade practices

Patent act has sufficient safeguards to ensure that the patentee meets the reasonable requirements of the public at affordable price.

8. Once granted, patent is in force for 20 years

The patentee has to pay the Renewal fee every year to keep the patent in force.

13.Patent right is permanent.

Patents are granted for a limited period of 20 years only.

14.The patent officials will inspect the invention in your premises.

The decision as to whether a patent should be granted is entirely based on the application and written description.

15.The patent applicant should have a working model of the invention before he applies.

The invention need not be fully workable at the time of making the application.

16.You can get patent for an idea.

Patents do not protect the idea. It is the implementation of the idea that gets protected.

18.Patentee can initiate criminal action against the infringers.

Only civil remedy is available to the patentee against infringers.

17.Patent gives the owner the right to make, sell or use his invention-

Patent grants the patentee only the right to prevent anyone else from making, offering for sale, selling, importing or using his invention with out his consent.

History of Indian Patent System

The first provision in the nature of patent rights in India, which was at that time under the British rule, was enacted in 1856. Under this Act, the monopolies were styled " exclusive privileges ". This Act was repealed in toto in 1857 as it was introduced without the prior sanction of the Queen. Soon after that in 1859 another Act free from the defects of 1857 was passed. In 1872 the provision of the Act of 1859 were further added by the provision of " The Patents and Designs Protection Act ", which solely related to designs. The Act of 1872 was further supplemented in 1883. In 1888 Act V of 1888 superseded all the Acts of 1859, 1872 and 1883. This was further revised and replaced by the Indian Patents and Designs Act, 1911. This was amended from time to time in 1920, 1930, and 1945.

After independence it was felt that the Indian Patents and Designs Act, 1911 was not fulfilling its objective. As such, a committee under the Chairmanship of Dr. Bakshi Tek Chand, a retired Judge of Lahore High Court was appointed in 1949 with a view to ensure that the Patent system was more conducive to national interest and to suggest modifications and alterations to the existing Act suitable for making the country self-reliant in technology. Based on the interim report the Act was modified, regarding working of the inventions in 1952, and in 1953 the Controller was authorized to grant licenses on foods, medicines etc. A bill based on the recommendations of this Committee was introduced in the Parliament in 1953, but it lapsed due to dissolution of the Lok Sabha.

In 1957, Govt. of India further appointed Justice N. Rajagopala Ayyangar to examine and review the Patent law in India who submitted his report in September 1959 recommending the retention of Patent System despite its shortcomings. The Patent Bill, 1965 based mainly on his recommendations and incorporating a few changes, in particular relating to Patents for food, drug, medicines, was introduced in the lower house of Parliament on 21st September, 1965. The bill was passed by the Parliament and the Patents Act 1970 came into force on 20th April 1972 along with Patent Rules 1972. This law was suited to changed political situation and economic needs for providing impetus to technological development by promoting inventive activities in the country.

The Patents Act, 1970 is a landmark in the industrial development of India. The basic philosophy of the Act is that patents are granted to encourage inventions and to secure that these inventions are worked on a commercial scale without undue delay; and patents are granted not merely to enable patentee to enjoy a monopoly for the importation of the patented article into the country. The said philosophy is being implemented through compulsory licensing, registration of only process patents for food, medicine or drug, pesticides and substances produced by chemical processes which, apart from chemical substances normally understood, also include items such as alloys, optical glass, semi-conductors, inter metallic compounds etc. It may, however, be noted that products vital for our economy such as agriculture & horticulture products, atomic energy inventions and all living things are not patentable. Thus, the Patents Act 1970 was expected to provide a reasonable balance between adequate and effective protection of patents on the one hand and the technology development, public interest and specific needs of the country on the other hand.

Uruguay round of GATT negotiations paved the way for WTO. Therefore India was put under the contractual obligation to amend its patents act in compliance with the provisions of TRIPS. India had to meet the first set of requirements on 1-1-1995. This was to give a pipeline protection till the country starts giving product patent. It came to force on 26th March 1999 retrospective from 1-1-1995. It lays down the provisions for filing of application for product patent in the field of drugs or medicines with effect from 01.01.1995 and grant of Exclusive Marketing Rights on those products.

India amended its Patents Act again in 2002 to meet with the second set of obligations (Term of Patent etc.), which had to be effected from 1-1-2000. This amendment, which provides for 20 years term for the patent, Reversal of burden of proof etc. came into force on 20th May, 2003. The Third Amendment of the Patents Act 1970, by way of the Patents (Amendment) Ordinance 2004 came into force on 1st January, 2005 incorporating the provisions for granting product patent in all fields of Technology including chemicals, food, drugs & agrochemicals and this Ordinance is replaced by the Patents (Amendment) Act 2005 which is in force now having effect from 1-1-2005 .

Under the Patents Act, the Government of India is empowered to make rules for implementing the Act and regulating the Patent Administration. Accordingly, the Government brought into force Patents Rules, 1972 w.e.f. 20.4.1972. These Rules were amended on 2.6.99 and replaced by the Patents Rules 2003 w.e.f. 20.5.2003 and further it is amended by the Patents (Amendment) Rules 2005, which is in force now; this includes provisions relating to time-lines with a view to introducing flexibility and reducing processing time gradually for patent applications, and simplifying and rationalizing procedure for grant of the patent.

There are four Schedules to the Patents (Amendment) Rules 2005; the First Schedule prescribes the fees to be paid; the Second Schedule specifies the list of forms and the texts of various forms required in connection with various activities under the Patents Act are set out in this schedule. These forms are to be used wherever required and if needed, they can be modified with the consent of the Controller. The Third Schedule prescribes form of Patent to be issued on Grant of the Patent. The Fourth Schedule prescribes costs to be awarded in various proceedings before the Controller under the Act.

Patent Scenario in India

The Patenting system in India is becoming more advanced and hardly a day passes by without mention of Patents in the news. Recently the Indian Patent Office celebrated its 150th year of existence.In Chennai,the Office organised a grand celebration from 25-26 April,2007, inviting school and college students to participate in essay competitions,paper presentations and was overwhelmed by the response. It is a misconception that the system of intellectual property rights is only for humongous multinational companies and their sophisticated patent attorneys. But the anniversary celebrations are an indication that in India people from ordinary walk of life are becoming more interested in patenting.